Culture and Philosophy Traditionally Korean Martial Arts Union City Nj

Fighting practices developed during the defence of the Korean peninsula

Students from a Korean martial arts school in Calgary practice a demonstration

Korean martial arts (Hangul: 무술, Hanja: 武術, musul or Hangul: 무예, Hanja: 武藝, muye) are fighting practices and methods which have their place in the history of Korea but accept been adapted for employ by both armed services and not-military personnel equally a method of personal growth or recreation. The history of Korean martial arts can be traced as far back as the prehistoric era. The ancestors of modernistic Korean people migrated and settled in the Korean Peninsula every bit early as the 28th century BC, a geopolitical region besieged by thousands of known documented instances of foreign invasions. Consequently, the Korean people developed unique martial arts and military strategies in society to defend themselves and their territory.

Today, Korean martial arts are being practiced worldwide; more than 1 in a hundred of the earth'southward population practices some form of taekwondo. Amidst the best recognized Korean practices using weapons are traditional Korean archery and Kumdo, the Korean adaptation of the Japanese Kendo. The all-time known unarmed Korean Martial Arts are Taekwondo and Hapkido, though such traditional practices such equally ssireum - Korean Wrestling - and Taekkyon - Korean Foot Fighting - are rapidly gaining in popularity both inside and exterior the country. In November 2011, Taekkyon was recognized by UNESCO and placed on its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity List.^[i] There has besides been a revival of traditional Korean swordsmanship arts besides as knife fighting and archery.

History [edit]

Early history [edit]

Wrestling, chosen ssireum, is the oldest form of ground fighting in Korea, while Subak was the upright martial art of foot soldiers. Weapons were an extension of those unarmed skills. Besides being used to train soldiers, both of these traditional martial arts were besides popular among villagers during festivals for dance, mask, acrobatic, and sport fighting. These martial arts were likewise considered bones concrete education. Still, Koreans (equally with the neighboring Mongols) relied more than heavily on bows and arrows in warfare than they did on close-range weapons.^[2]

It appears that during the Goguryeo dynasty, (37 BC – 668) subak/taekkeyon or ssireum (empty-handed fighting), swordsmanship, spear-fighting and horse riding were practiced. In 1935, paintings that showed martial arts were found on the walls of royal tombs believed to have been built for Goguryeo kings sometime betwixt the years 3 and 427 Ad.^[3] Which techniques were practiced during that period is, notwithstanding, something that cannot exist adamant from these paintings. References to Subak tin can exist plant in government records from the Goguryeo dynasty through the Joseon dynasty, until the 15th century, after which its popularity declined It reappears just in 1790 book about martial arts titled Muyedobotongji (무예도보통지).^[4]

It is believed that the warriors from the Silla Dynasty (57 BC-935 AD) known as the Hwarang learned subak from the neighboring Goguryeo armies when they appealed for their help against invading Japanese pirates.^{[ commendation needed ]} Just this remains a conjecture, equally there is naught actual documentation of such in Korean records. At that place also remains no known documentation of specific military preparation by the Hwarang.

The evolution of Subak connected during the Goryeo Dynasty (935–1392).^{[ citation needed ]} Goryeo records that mention the martial arts always include passages about Subak.^{[ citation needed ]} The Joseon government, however, outlawed the practice of Subak as a public spectacle in response to bug arising from the betting practices of large numbers of Korean farmers and landowners (these betting practices included wagering land and sometimes family members).^{[ citation needed ]} Subak disappears in the records of the Joseon Dynasty to make place to Taekkyon. Taekkyon players are portrayed in several paintings from that era. The most famous painting is probably the Daegwaedo (Hangul: 대괘도, Hanja: 大快圖), painted in 1846 by Hyesan Yu Suk (혜산 유숙, 1827–1873), which shows men competing in both ssireum (씨름) and Taekkyon.

Goryo menstruum [edit]

With the Mongol conquest, the Korean military was reorganized around the mounted archer. Armor and weaponry became very similar to Mongol armor and weaponry. Acrobatic horsemanship (masangjae), falconry and polo (Gyeokgu) were imported. The Korean Composite bow (which is very like to the medieval Mongol bow) was adopted at this fourth dimension. The unique structure of the Korean Gakgung bow shows the original form of the Mongol bow, before the Manchus improved it with stronger and bigger ears.^[five] As the military class in belatedly Goryeo was almost entirely populated by ethnic Mongols in practise, the Joseon Army also carried on the mounted archer tradition. (Yi Seong-gye, the founder of the Joseon dynasty was a hereditary Mongol darughachi of Korean origin, administering the Mongol province of Ssangseong in N.Eastward. Korea. Choi Young made his reputation fighting for the Mongols in northern Communist china, putting downwards Han rebellions in the concluding days of the Yuan dynasty.) Until the publication of Muyedobotongji in 1795, archery remained a singular Korean martial art, testable during the war machine portion of the Gwageo (National Service Exam)

Joseon Dynasty Martial Arts [edit]

As the continuation of Goryo military, the Joseon military maintained the primacy of the bow as its main stay weapon. Gungdo remained the most prestigious of all martial arts in Korea. Gungdo was the single virtually important testable event in gwageo, the national service examination used to select Army officers from 1392 to Gabo Reform in 1894 when gwageo system was terminated.

During the Imjin War (1592–1598), Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched the conquest of Prc'due south Ming Dynasty by way of Korea. However, after 2 unsuccessful campaigns towards the centrolineal forces of Korea and Red china and his death, his forces returned to Japan in 1598. but with heavy loss of men and cultural heritage. It was also during this war that the famous turtle ships (Geobukseon, 거북선) were used by Admiral Yi Lord's day-sin. These ships were covered with metal shields, much like the shell of a turtle, which could withstand the gun attacks of the Japanese.

In 1593, Korea received assistance from Communist china to win dorsum Pyongyang. During one of the battles, the Koreans learned virtually a martial art manual titled Ji Xiao Xin Shu (紀效新書), written past the Chinese war machine strategist Qi Jiguang. King Seonjo (1567–1608) took a personal interest in the volume, and ordered his court to study the book. This led to the creation of the Muyejebo (무예제보, Hanja: 武藝諸譜) in 1599 by Han Gyo, who had studied the employ of several weapons with the Chinese regular army. Soon this book was revised in the Muyejebo Seokjib and in 1759, the book was revised and published at the Muyesinbo (Hangul: 무예신보, Hanja: 武藝新譜).^[6]

Korean Army nether Gwon Yul attacking the Japanese Castle at Ulsan, allowable by Katō Kiyomasa. Note that the entire germination is archers, as painted by the Japanese.

During the Imjin state of war, three principal weapons were identified by all sides every bit representative of their armies. The Japanese were known for their arquebus. The Ming Dynasty Chinese forces were known for their lance. Koreans were known for their Pyeonjeon used in conjunction with the Korean composite bow. During the war itself, Korea began adopting the Arquebus, eventually mastering it. Korean arquebusiers became so well known for their ability to kill tigers, which were rampant in Korea throughout its history until its terminal extermination in 1919, that Ming China requested the assistance of Korean arquebusiers against the rising Manchus in 1619. At the Battle of Sarhu, Korean order of battle was equanimous of 10,000 arquebusiers out of xiii,000 full men. This event illustrates how Korea apace adopted modern weaponry and discarded close quarter martial arts.

Following the 1636 Second Manchu invasion of Korea, where Manchu composite archers defeated Koreans, who were as well more often than not equanimous of archers, supplemented by arquebusiers, the Manchu Qing Dynasty demanded Korean arquebusiers in their battles confronting Russia in the late 1600s. In 1654 and 1658, Joseon deployed 400 of its best tiger hunters every bit Arquebusiers to fight the Russians along the Amur River during the Sino-Russian border conflicts. Once more, no tape of swordmen, empty hand martial arts beingness used or favored past the Korean Ground forces during this period.

In 1790, the Majestic Korean Army published the richly illustrated Muyedobotongji (Hangul: 무예도보통지, Hanja: 武藝圖譜通志). The book does non mention ssireum, subak, or taekkyon, but shows influences from Chinese and Japanese fighting systems. The book, deals mostly with armed combat like sword fighting, double-sword fighting, spear fighting, stick fighting, and then on. The affiliate that deals with a mode of empty-handed fighting called kwonbeop ("fist methods," a generic name for empty-handed combat; the word is the Korean pronunciation of quanfa) shows techniques that resemble Chinese martial arts—quite different from taekkyon. Co-ordinate to the Muyedobotongji, empty-handed gainsay should exist learned before armed combat, since it forms the basis of a martial teaching.^{[ commendation needed ]} It too states that internal styles are meliorate suited for fighting than external styles.^{[ citation needed ]} The proper noun for the martial arts of the Muyedobotongji is shippalgi. This transmission was intended as a training manual for Soldiers in the 1790s, equally military arts had withered by that time. Despite the publication of this manual, it was never widely distributed, and in that location was no renaissance of martial arts in Korea.

In 1895, Emperor Gojong invited twoscore sword masters from Japan to begin teaching the art of the sword to his Korean Army cadets and police officers. This was decided upon due to the lack of native sword masters in Korea at the fourth dimension^{[ citation needed ]}. The pedagogy of the Art of the Sword continued well after the 1910 Annexation, until the fine art was formally named Kendo in Japan, and Kumdo in Korean.

In 1899, Emperor Gojong of Korean Empire, with the encouragement of Prince Heinrich of Prussia, who was visiting Korea at the time, established Gungdo equally an official sport, allowing it to flourish throughout the next century, being recognized by the Japanese Occupation government as a folk art in 1920. The Korean Gungdo Federation was established in Seoul in 1920. Forth with Ssireum, Gungdo achieved nationwide popularity within Korea throughout the 1930s and 1940s, even as Japanese martial arts also garnered a large post-obit on the peninsula.

During the Donghak Rebellion, much of the rebels used old matchlock arquebuses against the modern rifles of the Korean and Japanese Army. Although the rebels initially fought confronting the Korean government, following the autumn of Jeonju, the Korean government had invited in the Japanese Army to help suppress the peasant rebels. With the annexation of Korea in 1910, all matchlocks were confiscated and destroyed by the Japanese. Yet, the Japanese did non stop the production and keeping of bows, which they did not consider as a threat to internal security.^{[ citation needed ]}

Modern Korean martial arts [edit]

The ii extant martial arts at the fourth dimension of Japanese take over in 1910, Ssireum and Gungdo grew in popularity during the Japanese occupation menstruum, both of them founding their electric current federations in 1920. Many of the oldest Gungdo clubs in Seoul, including Hwanghakjeong (nearly Gyeongbokgung Palace) and Sukhojeon on Namsan (Seoul) were founded in the 1930s. Taekkyon did non savour much popularity during the occupation era. It has grown in popularity only in the 21st century through the continuance of Song Deok-Gi (1893-1987). Most Koreans learned Japanese martial arts during the occupation period.

Currently these new arts such as Tae Kwon Do and Hapkido created since 1945 remain the well-nigh popular in Korea. Other modern styles such every bit Tae Soo Do and Hwa Rang Do, which have a sizeable presence in the U.s.a. and Europe, are virtually unknown in Korea, every bit the founders relocated to the Usa and focused on operations in the US. Gungdo participation is limited by the high cost of the equipment, with a traditional horn fabricated reflex bow costing upwards of $1000, and most Gungdo clubs in Seoul charging over $m application fee for membership, like to golf clubs. This limits participation to the upper and upper middle class. Many Korean junior loftier schools, high schools, and colleges maintain martial arts teams to include ssireum, kumdo (kendo), judo and Tae Kwon Do. Yong In University for case, focuses on martial arts grooming for international competitions.^[7]

It should as well exist considered that Korean martial arts are yet in a land of evolution equally witnessed by recently emerging arts such as Teuk Gong Moo Sool and Yongmoodo.^{[note 1]} At that place is now besides the development of Korean arts influenced by Western boxing, Muay Thai or Judo, these would include Gongkwon Yusul and Kyuk Also Ki.^{[note 2]}

Types of Korean martial arts [edit]

Taekwondo [edit]

Taekwondo (태권도; 跆拳道) is the national sport of both Koreas and the well-nigh recognized of the Korean martial arts. It is practiced all over the globe by over 70 1000000 people. Taekwondo is a martial art which tin can be used for self-defence force too every bit a sport. Taekwondo has hand, kicking/leg techniques, blocks, throws, takedowns, and in some dojangs, grappling, though the latter three are adept for self-defence force purposes and their apply is forbidden in contest. Some dojangs may also include weapon techniques, near notably a staff. Taekwondo is best known for its variety of kick techniques. However, information technology encompasses just as many paw techniques, throws, blocks, and takedowns as its kicks. Every bit a sport, it is an event in most major, multi-sports games, including the Olympic Games and the World Academy Games.

Taekkyon/Taekkyeon [edit]

Also romanized informally as Taekgyeon, Taekkyeon, or Taekyun. Currently best-selling as i of the oldest martial arts of Korea.^[8] Taekkyon is concerned with applying both the hands and feet at the same fourth dimension to unbalance, trip, or throw the opponent. Hands and feet are always used together.

Taekkyon has many whole-body techniques with fully integrated armwork. Although Taekkyon primarily utilizes kicking, punching, and arm strikes thrown from a mobile opinion and does non provide a framework for groundfighting, information technology does comprise a diversity of different throws, takedowns, and grappling techniques to complement its striking focus.

The survivance of Song Deok-gi, the last Taekkyon Master of the Joseon dynasty secured the manual of the fine art:^[9] Taekkyon joined the list of Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea No. 76" on June 1, 1983. Information technology is one of two Korean martial art which possesses such a classification. In Nov 2011 Taekkyon was recognized on the UNESCO's Intangible World Heritage Art list,^[10] condign the get-go martial art recognized by UNESCO.

Subak [edit]

Subak^[11] is an ancient martial art originally from China. A long fourth dimension agone information technology branched off into Korea. It no longer exists in China as its lineage has died off. Nonetheless it all the same exists in Korea proficient past a dwindling few.

Within Korea each region had their own way of Subak. Subak styles from region to region differed slightly.

Merely 2 Subak styles remain today. One is taught as purely as Subak. And the other Subak style has been absorbed into mod Taekkyon by Master Shin Han Song.

When Master Shin Han Song tried to resurrect Taekkyon afterwards the Korean war, he sought instruction from the Taekkyon primary Song Doki, & instruction from the Subak master Il Dong. Shin Han Song then combined Taekkyon & Subak together.

Subak is of ancient origins and is dissimilar from Soo Bahk Do, which is a modern martial art using the same name (same pronunciation yet different spelling).

Tang Soo Do/Soo Bahk Do [edit]

Tang Soo Exercise is a hit martial fine art, which was developed during the 20th century, yet it has its roots in ancient Korean martial arts, as well as martial arts from other nations. Although the proper noun "Tang Soo Do" had been used before by the likes of Main Wong Kuk Lee, it is Hwang Kee who is unremarkably credited equally the creator of what is today known as Tang Soo Practise, or Moo Duk Kwan Tang Soo Do, the schoolhouse from which all others come up from. As a child, Hwang Kee witnessed a homo defend himself from several assailants using kicking techniques. (He was most probable using Taekkyon.) He followed this man home and watched him railroad train from a altitude. When asked, the man refused to teach Hwang Kee, but he began to sentinel the homo, mimicking his movements, somewhen developing such power that he was considered a principal. He also seems to have studied Karate briefly, as recollected by Wong Kuk Lee. In his travels, he also studied Yang style Tai Chi Chuan and a Northern style of Kung Fu, specially the Tang Tui exercise, nether a Chinese Kung Fu master named Yang. Combining his knowledge of various martial arts, he sought to teach his art equally Hwa Soo Do, the Way of the Flowering Hand, merely it proved unpopular. He then decided to rename his art Tang Soo Practice, the Manner of the Chinese Hand, in society to link it to the more pop practice of Karate at the time, and put together a Hyung (forms) curriculum based on the Karate kata plant in Shotokan Karate, equally described by Gichin Funakoshi in 1 of his books. This particular manner, Tang Soo Practice, differentiated itself from Karate due to its emphasis on kick, a vestige of the former Taekkyon arts.

Later the Japanese occupation concluded, Koreans sought to create a new national martial art/sport that had no link to the Japanese. To this end they decided to change the name of their art from Tang Soo Practice and others to Taekwondo. Hwang Kee, however, did not desire to modify his art into a more than generic grade and rebelled against the change, something that brought him legal complications that acquired him to movement his family unit to the United States, where Tang Soo Do would continue to thrive. Later on, Hwang Kee was exposed to the ancient certificate Muyedobotongji, which depicted descriptions of aboriginal Korean martial arts such as Subak. Drawing inspiration from this document, and using his cantankerous-training in Chinese Gung Fu, Okinawan Karate and Korean martial arts, he created the Chil Sung hyungs, a series of 7 hyungs and the Yuk Ro hyungs, a series of six hyungs, which brought back some of the combat elements of the ancient Subak art contained in the Muyedobotongji. Years afterward, Tang Soo Do would change its name to Soo Bahk Practise (Mode of the Striking Hand), however, both names are however in use by various associations and represent essentially the aforementioned martial fine art.

Tang Soo Do sets itself autonomously from other arts by identifying as a traditional martial fine art solely interested in self-defense force, eschewing sport-orientation. Information technology consists mostly of striking techniques focused towards self-defense, only also features several stand-up grappling and joint-manipulation techniques in its ho sin sul (cocky defence force) and il sook si dae ryun (one-pace sparring) curriculums. Tang Soo Practice has had a sizable impact on the martial arts world, as the first example of Korean martial arts seen in the West, where people similar Chuck Norris introduced and popularized its most characteristic techniques, such equally the spinning dorsum kick, spinning claw kick and spinning back fist. Curtis Bush, Dennis Alexio and Hector Peña have all used Tang Soo Do to become kickboxing and total contact globe champions, and martial arts action stars the likes of Chuck Norris, Cynthia Rothrock and Hwang Jang Lee have popularized the art in motion-picture show, television and, through homages, in video games also.

Hapkido arts [edit]

Though various forms of grappling have been known in Korea for generations, Hapkido is essentially a 20th-century development, based on Japanese Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu just incorporating Korean striking techniques. The foundation for Hapkido was established by Choi Yong Sul. Returning from Nihon in 1946, Choi began teaching fabric reportedly taught to Choi by Sokaku Takeda. Choi chosen his mode Yawara [柔], but modified the name to Hapki Yusul [合氣 柔術] and later to Hapki Yukwonsul [合氣 柔拳術] to distinguish it from Japanese aiki-jujutsu, which was written in the same characters, and from which much of the early hapkido techniques were derived. Choi'due south practices were afterward renamed to Hapkido [合氣道] and students of Choi Yong Sul, such every bit Ji Han Jae, the tardily Myung Kwang-sik, the tardily Han Bong-soo and others helped to spread this art both inside and exterior Korea. Since the hanja are identical to those of Aikido, Japanese Aikido and Korean Hapkido are ofttimes dislocated and stylistic similarities exercise cause these separate arts to guess each other in some ways. In like manner, some variants of Hapkido such as Kuk Sool Won, Hwa Rang Practise and Hankido have adopted a range of Chinese practices and execution. Along with Taekwondo, Hapkido has helped to establish modern Korean martial arts by providing systemization and incorporating into other styles. This procedure complemented the other modern Korean martial art, Taekwondo.

Hanmudo [edit]

Hanmudo (한무도) is a Korean martial art.^[12] At the end of the Joseon Dynasty, information technology was handed down from Girimsa Temple in Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and the proper name 韓 武 道 was named after the Ogi-beop, which Bae Seong-jeon inherited from Girimsa during his mathematics. It was not widely distributed due to the times, simply information technology was passed on to household appliances, and it was developed into a modern preparation system for the full general public to hands practise by Bae Byung-ho, the quaternary generation of the Kisan instructor in the 1980s. The grooming population is concentrated mainly in Busan, Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, and Ulsan, and there is a Hanmu Jongga in Hapcheon, Gyeongsangnam-do. Mr. Gisan's four generations are half-dozen generations, and Hanmudo is passed on to the general public.

Gungdo [edit]

Korean Horse Back Archery in 5th-century

The reflex bow had been the about important weapon in Korean wars with Chinese dynasties and nomadic peoples, recorded from the 1st century BCE.^[13] Fable says the first king and founder of the Goguryeo, Go Jumong, was a master of archery, able to catch five flies with 1 pointer. Park Hyeokgeose, the outset male monarch of the Silla, was also said to be a skilled archer. Rumors of archers in Goguryeo and Silla presumably reached China; the ancient Chinese gave the people of the north east, Siberia, Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula, the proper noun of Dongyi (東夷), the latter character (夷) existence a combination of the two characters for "big" (大) and "bow" (弓).

All the same, the discussion 夷 was offset used in Chinese history referring to the people South of Yellow River over 5,000 years ago. Later, when Yi 夷 people joined the tribes of Hua Xia [華夏] Chinese, 夷 meant outsiders. By that time, DongYi refers to Korean, equally in Outsiders from the East

With the Mongol Conquest of Korea, archery became the main stay of Korean military machine. The swords and spears of the Korean and Chinese armies did very little to cease Mongol archers and were apace discarded in favor of the composite bow, which proved to be a much more effective weapon against the Mongols. Yi Seonggye, the founding rex of Joseon was known to accept been a master archer. In a battle against Japanese pirates, Yi Seonggye, assisted by Yi Bangsil, killed the young samurai commander "Agibaldo" with 2 successive arrows, 1 arrow unhelmeting the warrior, with the second pointer inbound his mouth. In his letter to Full general Choi Young, Yi Seonggye lists equally 1 of five reasons not to invade Ming Dynasty every bit during the monsoon season, glue holding together the composite bow weakens, reducing the effectiveness of the bow.

Founding of Joseon dynasty saw the retention of the composite bow as the primary stay of the Joseon military. Archery was the principal martial effect tested during the military portion of the national service test held annually from 1392 to 1894. Nether Joseon, archery reached its zenith, resulting in the invention of pyeonjeon, which saw neat service against the Japanese in 1592 and confronting the Manchus in the early on 1600s.

Master Heon Kim using a modern Korean composite bow.

Until the Imjin wars, archery was the main long-range weapon system. During that war, the tactical superiority of the matchlock arquebus became apparent, despite its tiresome charge per unit of burn down and susceptibility to wet conditions.^[14] However, it was the Korean composite bow, referred to as the "half bow" past the Japanese, that halted the Japanese at the Battle of Haengju as well every bit at the Battle of Ulsan. Although Joseon adopted the arquebus during the Imjin State of war, the blended bow remained the primary stay of its Ground forces until the reforms of 1894. Under King Hyojong'south military reforms, an attempt hosinsoolˌ'護身術' was made to revive horse archery equally a significant chemical element of the military. Information technology was as well practiced for pleasance and for health, and many young males and a some many females - including the king - would spend their free time practicing it.

Korean swordsmanship [edit]

Korean spears [edit]

Teaching methods [edit]

The traditional Taekkyon system has no fixed curriculum. Every educatee is treated individually and thus the lesson is always different, although all of the bones skills are eventually covered. The bones skills are taught in temporary patterns, that evolve as the student learns. Basic skills are expounded on and variations of each single skill are and then practised, in multiple new combinations. When the student has learned all the variations of the basic movements & techniques, and can intermix all of them proficiently, they're encouraged to perform the Taekkyon Dance. Taekkyon is a X-year technique.

Mod Korean martial arts' systemization and presentation are very like to their Japanese counterparts (i.e., barefoot, with uniforms, classes executing techniques simultaneously by following the teacher'south commands, and sometimes, showing respect past bowing to a portrait of the founder and/or to national flags). Many mod Korean martial arts besides brand use of colored belts to denote rank, tests to increase in rank, and the apply of Korean titles when cogent the teacher cogent Japanese colonial influence.^[xv] These include:

• Kyosanim: teacher.
• Sabomnim (사범님 / 師範님): Master instructor in some styles/systems but not all, e.g., taekwondo and hapkido.
• Kwanjangnim (관장님 / 館長님): grooming hall owner/ kwan leader or primary instructor in many, e.one thousand., taekwondo and hapkido.
• Dojunim (도주님 / 道主님): keeper of the way. It is, typically, used to imply a founder of a style or system every bit in Ji Han-Jae Dojunim of S(h)in Moo Hapkido.

NOTE: remove the word "nim" for the actual titles as "nim" is an honorific pregnant "sir" or its equivalent.

These Korean terms are based on Confucian rank systems (with the same Chinese characters). Many schools as well make use of Korean terminology and numbers during practice, even if located outside [Due south] Korea.

Terminology [edit]

Korean martial arts are usually adept in a dojang (도장), which may likewise be referred to as cheyukkwan (체육관 / 體育館, i.east., gymnasium). The practitioners vesture a uniform or tobok (도복) with a chugalug or tti (띠) wrapped around it. This chugalug usually shows which grade the practitioner has attained. A student commonly starts with a white belt and moves through a range of coloured belts (which differ from style to style) earlier reaching the black belt. The grades before black belt are referred to as geup or kup (급), while the black chugalug ranks are referred to as dan (단). In some cases, students less than 16 years one-time are not given dan grades, but rather "pum" or poom (품) or "junior black belt" grades. Some styles employ stripes on the blackness belt to testify which dan the practitioner holds. Information technology is common for a system to have nine geup grades and nine dan grades. While it might merely have a few months to go from one geup to the side by side, information technology can take years to go from one dan to the next. Almost of the above terms are identical to those used in Japanese styles such equally judo and karate, but with the Chinese characters read in Korean pronunciation, with a few exceptions. (Tobok, which originally meant a Taoist priest's garb, can be written with Chinese character only is a purely Korean expression, used as an culling to the Japanese 'gi'. Tti is a purely Korean word with no Chinese graphic symbol.)

In some styles, like taekgyeon, the hanbok is worn instead of a tobok. The v-neck of many styles of taekwondo uniform was supposedly fashioned after the hanbok, but may simply be a modification for a pullover pinnacle to arrange the modesty of female practitioners (standard jacket construction ofttimes requires females to clothing a T-shirt, leotard, or sport bra underneath the jacket, whereas the pullover 5-neck jacket does non).

See also [edit]

• Taekkyon
• Gungdo
• Yongmudo
• Bulmudo

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ Also known as Yongmudo
2. ^ As well known as Kyeok Besides Ki, Kun Gek Practise, Gyeok Tu Gi, Gweon Gyeok Practise or Gwon-gyokdo

References [edit]

1. ^ "UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage - 2003 Convention". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-02-nineteen .
2. ^ Draeger, Donn F. (1981). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts, pg 155. Kodansha International.
3. ^ 亞洲文化. Vol. 3. Asian Cultural Middle. 1975. p. 30.
4. ^ "수박" (in Korean). Doopedia. Retrieved 2020-11-17 .
5. ^ "Manchu Archery Homepage". Manuarchery.org . Retrieved 2017-06-16 .
6. ^ Kim, Wee-hyun. "Muyedobo T'ongji: Illustrated Survey of the Martial arts." Korea Journal 26:eight (August 1986): 42-54
7. ^ "Department of taekwondo". Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2012-02-20 .
8. ^ "Taekkyon is believed to exist one of the earliest forms of Korean martial arts". ^{[ unreliable source? ]}
9. ^ "Fortunately Song Deok-ki (1893-1987) preserved the fine art and handed information technology down to mod day Koreans".
10. ^ "Inscribed in 2011 (6.COM) on the Representative Listing of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity".
11. ^ "Earth Martial Arts Styles".
12. ^ "고수를 찾아서 <7> 한무종가 배병호 종사" (in Korean). 국제신문. 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2020-09-11 .
13. ^ Duvernay, Thomas. "Korean Traditional Archery". www.atarn.org.
14. ^ Korean Traditional Archery. Duvernay TA, Duvernay NY. Handong Global Academy, 2007
15. ^ O'Neill, Simon John (2013). Taegeuk Cipher: The Patterns of Kukki Taekwondo as a Practical Cocky-Defence Syllabus. Place of publication not identified: Lulu.com. ISBN978-i-4475-3501-0. OCLC 1100690060.

Further reading [edit]

• Adrogué, M. (2003). "Ancient armed services manuals and their relation to modern Korean martial arts". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 12: four.
• Della Pia, J. (1994). "Korea's Mu Yei Do Bo Tong Ji". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 3: ii.
• Henning, S. (2000). "Traditional Korean martial arts". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. nine: 1.
• Kim, South. H. (2001): Muye Dobo Tongji. Turtle Press.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_martial_arts